Cereals, legumes and perennial grasses
In crops winter crops and spring cereals cultures continue to lay eggs a harmful turtle bug, which, with an average number of 0.3 - 0.5, maximum 1 adult and 0.2, maximum 1 ovipositor per sq.m, populated and damaged 1.0 - 2% plants on 44 - 100% of surveyed areas.
Due to the extended egg laying period, the larvae will also emerge in the crops over a long period of time, and overwintering bugs, eggs, and larvae of different ages will be present at the same time. Mass emergence and emergence of larvae onto the ear will occur in the first half of June. When they damage the grain in the ear, the quality of gluten, sowing, and forage properties of wheat and barley grains deteriorate.
Preservation of technological and sowing qualities of grain involves carrying out protective measures in crops of durum and valuable wheat. Such crops are treated in the presence of 2 or more larvae per sq.m. The rest of the crops are sprayed after 4-6, in seed barley after 8-10. The crops are treated with permitted insecticides in accordance with the «List of pesticides and agrochemicals permitted for use in Ukraine», hereinafter referred to as the «List of pesticides ...». These preparations are also biologically effective against many other phytophagous insects specialized in cereal crops.
Crop protection against the harmful shell bug should be carried out within 10-12 days from the completion of larval rebirth until the appearance of their fourth instar, which occurs in the first half of June. The optimal time for treatment is the moment when third instar larvae appear in the 15-30% crops, which indicates the rebirth of the vast majority of larvae.
During grain filling, beetles will emerge from the soil and feed on the spikelets. bread beetle (turuna) and bread beetles. The harmfulness of the beetles will manifest itself through damage to the ovary and grain content of cereals, which leads to a decrease in their yield.
During this period, they will multiply and damage the grain in the spikelets. cereal aphids and thrips, which in subthreshold numbers have settled 2-6% plants everywhere. Under conditions of warm dry weather in June (air temperature 29-30°C and humidity 35-50%), these pests will significantly reduce the weight of the grain, which will cause quantitative yield losses. The harmfulness of sucking phytophages will decrease as the grain becomes coarser.
There is a possibility that during the filling of grain, focal damage may occur. gray and grain scoop, the first-instar caterpillars will first gnaw into the grain and then feed on it. Later, the fourth-instar caterpillars will eat the grain from the outside, often destroying it completely. The caterpillars will continue feeding until the harvest.
Particular attention should be paid to the development and dissemination wheat four-legged mite. When monitoring for wheat mites, it is important to know that as a result of feeding on them, the edge of the leaf blade bends upwards and rolls up along the central vein into a tube, inside which the mites are located. The leaf acquires a non-uniform light green color, and with severe damage and prolonged reproduction of mites - a yellowish-green color, bends in the form of a loop, turns yellow and dies.
Later, during the ripening period of grain, mites will crawl out onto the surface of the ear and be spread by the wind or by insects, settling on spring ear crops, corn, perennial grasses, grass weeds, and later on cereal carrion, where they reproduce. During the growing season, 8-9 generations of the pest develop. But the greatest harm of mites lies in their transfer and infection of winter wheat crops with the wheat stripe mosaic virus.
It is advisable to spray centers of mass reproduction of mites on winter wheat with preparations with acaricidal action to localize the spread of the pest and prevent plants from being infected with the wheat stripe mosaic virus.
Everywhere spring can cause significant damage to grain crops bread’appearance, cereal flies (Hessian, Swedish), bread fleas, sawflies, aphids, other phytophagous. In favorable weather in June (moderate temperature and precipitation), the harmfulness of the above-mentioned phytophagous will increase. Under conditions of increased temperature and humidity, a widespread increase in numbers and harmfulness is possible cicada, and at the same time the spread of viral and mycoplasma diseases of grain crops.
Insecticides approved for use in grain crops will be effective against the above pests. Spring grains, if there are 30-40 grain flea beetles per sq.m., 10-30 leech beetles, 40-50 specimens per 100 p.s. of cereal flies, 40-50 specimens per ear of thrips larvae, 15-25 specimens per stem of aphids, are treated in the marginal strips or throughout the field with approved insecticides according to the "List of pesticides ..." The threat of fungal diseases of grain crops remains relevant at the beginning and throughout June, in particular powdery mildew, helminthiasis, septoria, brown leaf rust, pyrenophorosis, rhynchosporiosis, root rot. The above diseases and dark brown, reticulated spotting,will develop in the spring wheat and barley, primarily in dense crops on good agronomic backgrounds.
During earing and milky-wax ripeness of grain crops, the development is likely to be focal. fleetinglyї and other species soot diseases. With high humidity and air temperature of 28-30°C on spikelets, development is possible. fusarium and septoriaу. Early infection of the ear with Fusarium can be especially dangerous, particularly during the flowering phase, which will create the prerequisites for the formation of frail, inferior grain with low or completely lost viability. Development root rot will lead to focal or diffuse development white-eared and fine-grainedness.
Effective plant health improvement with rapid growth of leaf surface and ear disease is achieved by spraying with fungicides during grain formation according to the "List of Pesticides...".
During budding – flowering peas the larvae will be reborn tuber weevils, which, having completed their development, will pupate. The new generation of beetles will appear at the end of June. Moderately warm and humid weather will promote the formation of numerous colonies pea aphid, harmfulness of caterpillars leaf-eating scoop. Beetles pea kernels will actively colonize, feed on pollen and pea petals, and lay eggs in beans. In dry, hot weather, the number and harmfulness may increase pea borer, acacia (bean) firefly, thrips, bedbugs, as well as development fusarium in’yellowing. At temperatures of 18-25°C and high humidity in dense pea crops, plants will suffer from ascochyta, downy mildew, gray rot, powdery mildew.
Peas are protected when the number of pests exceeds the EPR (2-3 pea grain borer beetles, 250-300 pea aphids per 10 p.s., 2 pea thrips per flower, 25-30 eggs per sq. m. of pea fruit fly, acacia (bean) firefly) with permitted insecticides according to the "List of pesticides ..." During the egg-laying period of pea fruit fly, acacia firefly, and leaf-eating scoops, it is recommended to release brown and yellow trichograms (ratio 1:10). To limit ascochyta, rust, and gray rot, primarily seed plots are treated with fungicides according to the "List of pesticides ...".
In crops soybeans larvae and beetles will develop and cause damage tuber weevils, aphids, caterpillars leaf curler, n’leaf-eating scoops, focal, caterpillars meadow butterfly, thistles, other phytophages, which under favorable weather conditions and in the absence of protective measures can cause significant economic damage to crop crops. Increased humidity and air temperature of 18-26ºС will contribute to the spread of fungal diseases, in particular ascochyta blight, peronosporosis, alternariosis, etc. If dry and warm weather is established, the development is possible fusarium in`yellowing.
If the number of pests exceeds the EPR (8-15 tuber weevil beetles per sq.m., 2-5 alfalfa bugs per plant, 250-300 aphids per 10 p.s.), soybean crops are protected with insecticides according to the «List of pesticides…». In seed crops, spraying should be carried out after the detection of sucking pests to prevent the spread of viral infection; plants affected by viruses are removed.
У perennial herbs (after bracing) will develop and cause harm alfalfa leaf weevil, seed eaters (Tychius, Apion), alfalfa thrips, bedbugs, aphids, caterpillars scoop and peas, centrally – meadow butterfly, locust, other phytophagous. Rainy and warm weather can promote the spread in grass crops dark brown spot, anthracnose, ascochyta blight, etc.
Timely staking is of protective importance in alfalfa crops: to obtain seeds from the intermediate cut in the phase of mass budding, from the second - before or at the beginning of flowering, with the obligatory removal of green mass from the fields. After staking in seed plots during the period of stalking-budding of alfalfa plants in the presence of EPSH insects (5-8 beetles, 20-30 larvae of phytonomus, 15-20 bedbugs, 20-25 alfalfa thick-legged beetles, 500-600 aphids per 100 p.s., 20-30 tychius beetles, 8-10 scoop caterpillars per sq.m.) crops are treated with permitted insecticides according to the "List of pesticides...".
Industrial crops
In crops sugar beets early sowing dates, due to the reduction of the toxicity of plants, there will still be a risk of damage to them beet weevils (ordinaryм and grayм). Therefore, it is necessary to continue to control phytophages and, if necessary, carry out protective treatments. Also, in crops, they will harm crops beet fleas, baby, wire cutters, sometimes amaranth stem borer, sandy copper. Due to increased humidity and sufficient heat, conditions will be created for the increase in the number and settlement of beets. beet fly, leaf aphid, shield-bearers,sometimes harmfulness will be noted gnawing and leaf-eating scoop.
If the EPR indicators are exceeded against beet weevils, midges, flea beetles, scale insects, and mealybugs, the crops are treated with permitted insecticides according to the «List of Pesticides…». Against beet leaf aphids, mining flies, and other sucking pests, it is advisable to spray with preparations according to the «List of Pesticides…». With an entomophage:aphid ratio of 1:30 or damage to 30% aphids by diseases, insecticide treatments are not advisable. Against (leaf-gnawing and gnawing) scoops during the egg-laying period, it is recommended to use Trichogramma (20-30 thousand individuals per hectare).
In some farms, with excessive moisture or dryness of the soil, the spread may have root eater. In case of cool rainy weather, the central leaves of the beet rosette will be affected. downy mildew, on hybrids of foreign selection, the manifestation is possible Alternaria blight. Development cercosporosis in crops sugar beets likely under favorable weather conditions (periodic rains, abundant morning dew, at temperatures around 20ºС and relative humidity above 80%. Due to insufficient supply of plants with nutrients under conditions of drought or heavy rains, the manifestation of diseases is possible hunger strike plants.
Sugar beet crops are treated when signs of downy mildew appear. When individual spots of cercospora appear on 3-5% plants and 5-10% plants are affected by powdery mildew, the crops are treated with fungicides according to the "List of pesticides ...".
In crops sunflower, mostly late sowing dates, will cause damage in June sandy loam and beetroot gray weevil, which slightly damaged 2-4% plants. In warm and humid weather, crops, from the edges of the fields or in full, will be invaded Helichrysum aphid. Mass reproduction is possible under dry weather conditions thrips, locusts, in moderately humid – bedbugs, leaf-eating insects і nibbling scoop.
In the event of sunflower plants being colonized by aphids over 10-20% plants; by bedbugs (at a number of 2 per basket) before the crop begins to bloom, these and other pests are neutralized with insecticides according to the "List of pesticides...".
During heavy rainfall and high humidity, pathogens white and gray rot, phomosis, downy mildew will affect leaves, stems, and roots of sunflower plants. At elevated temperatures and humidity, focal spread is possible Phomopsis, with a moisture deficit – rust.
Before sunflower blooms, in the event of epiphytoses: basket rot, phomopsis, downy mildew, it is recommended to carry out protective treatments with permitted fungicides according to the «List of Pesticides…». The first treatment is carried out at the beginning of flowering, the second - 14 days after the first.
Spring rapeseed will damage rapeseed flower beetle, cruciferous fleas, bedbugs, aphids, leafhopper, hidden predators, sawyer, centrally white people, leaf-eating scoops. At moderate temperatures and high humidity, crop plants will be affected. downy mildew, Phomosis, rotten, other diseases.
In pods winter rapeseed will develop cabbage greens. In case of high humidity, the development and spread of Alternaria blight, cylindrosporiosis, downy mildew, phomosis, rot.
If the pods turn brown and the weather is humid, desiccation is carried out with desiccants before harvesting (14 days in advance) according to the «List of pesticides…».
Spring rapeseed crops with above-threshold numbers of rapeseed flower beetles, cryptic beetles (5-6 beetles per plant), cabbage bugs, and aphids are protected with permitted insecticides according to the "List of Pesticides...", taking into account the purpose of the crop for technical, seed, and food purposes, while observing the sanitary deadlines for the last treatment before harvesting.
Potatoes and vegetable crops
At the end of May, the larvae were reborn and fed. Colorado potato beetle in crops potatoes. Under hot weather conditions (temperature above 26°C, humidity 58-75%) in June, accelerated development of all phases of the phytophage is likely, which will contribute to an increase in its harmfulness.
Protective treatments of potatoes are carried out when larvae of the first and second ages appear in large numbers, with a number of 10-20 individuals on each of the 8-10% populated plants. When larvae appear in large numbers, treatments are carried out with permitted insecticides according to the «List of pesticides…».
Plants cabbage will suffer from aphids, caterpillars whiteflies, cabbage moth, scoop, centrally likely increased level of development and harmfulness cruciferous bugs, cryptic beetles, barids. Development and harmful activities will continue in crop plantations cruciferous fleas. There will also be butterfly flight and egg laying. cabbage moth, revival of caterpillars. Harmfulness will increase aphids. Onion plants will be significantly damaged by larvae onion fly and hidden interests.
If there are pests above the EPC (scoop caterpillars - 1-2 on early and 5 or more on late cabbage, if 5% or more plants are populated, moths, whiteflies - 2-5 specimens per 10% of plant population), use permitted insecticides in accordance with the "List of Pesticides...".
Disease development potatoes і tomatoes (late blight, alternariosis and others), cucumbers (bacteriosis, peronosporosis), onions (downy mildew) will depend on weather conditions. Under warm (t° 15-22 °C) humid weather conditions (relative humidity above 87%) the development and spread of diseases may increase to epiphytic.
Potatoes are protected from pathogens (in the budding-flowering phase), tomatoes (when the first signs of late blight appear on potatoes) by spraying with fungicides in accordance with the "List of Pesticides...".
During the growing season, cucumber crops, starting from the 2-3 leaf phase, are treated with fungicides in accordance with the "List of Pesticides..." at intervals of 8-12 days to prevent bacteriosis and other spotting.
Onions are treated for downy mildew with fungicides according to the "List of Pesticides...".
In June melon crops will settle pumpkinа aphidя, centrally tobaccoth thrips and spider webth tick. Watermelons, melons, zucchini in humid, warm weather conditions, they will get sick with powdery mildew, anthracnose, bacteriosis etc. Pumpkin crops are protected from sucking insects with insecticides according to the "List of pesticides...".
Fruit plantations
Young beetles apple blossom moth will feed on tree leaves, and at the end of June they will enter summer diapause. In unprotected gardens, butterflies white veined will lay eggs, after 2-3 weeks their caterpillars will hatch; they will finish feeding and pupate goldenrod, rosewood leafrollers, silkworms, apple moth, Later, butterflies will fly out and lay eggs. Everywhere, their numbers and harmfulness will increase. sucking insects (mites, aphids, mealybugs, scale insects, false scale insects).
Summer will continue in apple orchards everywhere, with the laying of eggs, the rebirth and feeding of caterpillars first generation apple fruit borer. Larvae apple і pear fruit sawflies will damage the fruit by eating away the seed chamber. Plum sawfly larvae will feed on plum fruit, causing it to drop prematurely. In the fruit cherries й cherries larvae will develop in medium and late varieties вishnevoh fliesи. Hot, humid weather will encourage further widespread spread powdery mildew, fruit rot. Mass manifestation coccomycosis, klisterosporiosis, curliness leaves peach, polystigmosis, in seed-bearing plantations scabies maybe Cool weather with significant rainfall will help.
During the period of mass egg laying, at the beginning of the revival of the first generation of caterpillars of the apple fruit borer, the orchards are treated with permitted insecticides according to the "List of Pesticides...", with the addition of fungicides against scab and powdery mildew, observing the alternation of drugs.
Pear plantations during the mass flight of pear fruit borer butterflies, approximately 40 days after flowering of late varieties, are sprayed with insecticides, with the addition of fungicides against scab and powdery mildew according to the "List of Pesticides...". When carrying out chemical treatments, it is necessary to observe the alternation of drugs.
Varieties of cherries of medium and late ripening periods are protected against cherry fly, coccomycosis, and fruit rot with insecticides, with the addition of fungicides permitted against diseases according to the "List of Pesticides...", no later than 20 days before the start of harvest.
Omnivorous pests
Locusts. In wastelands, forest belts, virgin lands, and other stations, the breeding of Italian locust larvae will continue.Oho cockroachу, unusualtheir mareоk and grasshopperive, nutrition and their transition to older ages. The level of abundance and harmfulness of locusts will depend on hydrothermal conditions during the month. Cool weather with frequent precipitation is most likely to restrain emergence centers of increased numbers of locusts.
Crop protection from locusts should begin with the mass appearance of first-instar larvae, the bulk of which must be eliminated before the end of the development of the third-fourth instars.
When the number of larvae of the Italian cockroach is 2-5, and of non-herding species 10-15 per sq. m, spraying is carried out with permitted insecticides according to the «List of pesticides…». Treatments should be carried out in the morning or evening, when the insects are on the plants.
Meadow butterfly. In non-arable lands, perennial grasses, crops sunflower, corn, sugar beets, in areas with flowering vegetation, weak flight, egg laying, rebirth and feeding of phytophagous caterpillars are possible. Given that in recent years there has been a decline in the flight of butterflies and the number of caterpillars, mass reproduction of the specified pest is not expected this year. However, there is a danger of the appearance of pest foci in numbers exceeding the economic threshold of harmfulness. The optimal conditions for the development of younger caterpillars during this period will be a relative humidity of more than 70% and an average daily temperature of about 25ºС.
Prevention of mass reproduction of the meadow butterfly from local reservations is achieved by applying a full range of organizational and economic, agrotechnical, biological and chemical measures. Timely detection of phytophagous foci and strict adherence to the deadlines and norms of insecticide consumption, taking into account the age of the caterpillars, is the key to preventing the destruction of agricultural crops by this pest.
Nibbling scoops. The flight of butterflies will continue everywhere winterй exclamatory scoop, which will lay eggs, the caterpillars will hatch, their nutrition and harmfulness will occur. A significant flight of butterflies is likely in all areas of the region, therefore, it is necessary to foresee the release of the scoop form of Trichogramma in crops sugar beets, vegetables, row crops. If the number of scoop caterpillars in corn, sunflower, potato, other row crops exceeds 3-8, and sugar beet 1-2 specimens per sq. m, use permitted insecticides according to the "List of pesticides...".
The best results are obtained by applying treatments in the evening, when the caterpillars of the gnawing scoop feed on plants. Insecticides are more appropriate to use during the period of caterpillars' hatching and the appearance of their second instar, when they feed openly and are most vulnerable. At this time, the effectiveness of the measures is ensured by hormonal preparations and inhibitors of chitin synthesis.
Caterpillars will feed on crops of row crops, vegetables, and perennial herbs. cabbage, vegetable, cotton, alfalfa, other species leaf-eating scoop. The best conditions for the development of most species of scoops will be in the presence of flowering vegetation and warm moderately humid weather during the flight of butterflies, which increases their fecundity and the number of caterpillars. The number of these insects is significantly limited by the oviparous Trichogramma, which is released at the beginning and during the mass egg-laying of scoop butterflies.
Caterpillars are everywhere in June stem (corn) moth will pupate. In the future, depending on the soil and climatic zone, the flight of butterflies and their egg laying in corn, sunflower, and other thick-stemmed crops will begin. The optimal temperatures for the realization of the potential fertility of butterflies (250-400 eggs per female) will be 18-30°C and humidity over 70%, for the development of eggs t° 25°C and air humidity 90-100%. The release of Trichogramma at the beginning and during mass egg laying, the destruction of weeds and flowering nectariferous plants, inter-row loosening of row crops limit the number and harmfulness of phytophagous caterpillars. Spraying of crops with insecticides is carried out when there are more than 18% plants with egg-laying corn borer or 6-8% plants with caterpillars. Permitted insecticides are used against corn stem borer caterpillars in accordance with the "List of pesticides ...".
Centrally in crops soybeans, sunflowers, vegetables, melons and other crops possible butterfly flight, egg laying, rebirth and feeding of caterpillars thornbush. At first, the caterpillars of the phytophagous plant will feed on weed plants, namely nettles, sow thistles, thistles, coltsfoot and others. And later, in the absence of another food base, they can feed on agricultural plants. Insecticides are used against the caterpillars of the thistle in accordance with the "List of pesticides ..." Land users should prevent weeds from growing in crops and adjacent lands, in particular, with weeds that are a favorite of the thistle.
Timely detection of pest outbreaks and disease outbreaks and compliance with pesticide application regulations (consumption rates, waiting periods, etc.) is the key to effective control of them and the safety of the resulting crop products.
When using pesticides, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the “State Sanitary Rules “Transportation, Storage and Use of Pesticides in the National Economy” to ensure the preservation of beneficial entomofauna and honey bees.
Deputy Head of the Department of Plant Protection, Phytosanitary Diagnostics and Forecasting of the Main Department of the State Service for Food and Consumer Protection in Kharkiv Region Eduard OSTEROVERH